The secretion of hormones from the various endocrine organs of the human body is essential to the normal functioning of our systems and metabolism. Deficiencies and excess secretion of hormones occur on a not infrequent basis leading to disease states that can be relatively mild or life-threatening.
Endocrinologists are specialists who train in this branch of medicine and who diagnose and manage endocrine conditions with the aim of restoring normal function and alleviating the distressing symptoms of endocrine disturbance while, in some cases, saving lives. The symptoms someone may have leading to an endocrine referral may be many and varied, the number of endocrine conditions similarly so.
The endocrine system is a network of glands and organs that produces a wide range of hormones. These hormones are released into the bloodstream and circulated throughout the body. Receptors within different organs and tissues recognize these hormones and respond accordingly. Hormones regulate multiple biological processes including but not limited to energy, response to stress, maintenance of normal blood pressure, metabolism, mood, and reproduction.
The endocrine system is composed of the:
- Adrenal gland
- Hypothalamus
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Thymus
- Thyroid and parathyroid glands
During pregnancy, the placenta becomes part of the endocrine system. It is increasingly recognized that many other organs are endocrine secreting such as fat tissue and the brain.
Related: Endometriosis vs PCOS: Differences and Similarities Explained
What Diseases Does an Endocrinologist Treat?
Endocrinologists treat a wide variety of disorders, some common others relatively or very rare. Some conditions endocrinologists can diagnose and treat include:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetes insipidus
- Parathyroid disorders
- Growth disorders
- Hormone-related infertility
- Low testosterone levels
- Menopausal disorders
- Metabolic disorders
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Obesity
- Thyroid disorders
- Pituitary conditions including pituitary tumors
Each disorder has a constellation of symptoms that may be easily overlooked. Endocrinologists aim to find the root cause of their patient’s symptoms and guide them through the necessary investigations and management to regain normal health. Some reasons to see an endocrinologist include:
Diabetes Mellitus
One of the most common endocrine disorders is diabetes mellitus, which causes elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetes is classified as type 1, type 2, or gestational. Other rarer types of diabetes exist. While each type results in deficiency or abnormal function of insulin secretion, treatment plans vary according to diabetes type .
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Due to this, the pancreas fails to produce insulin. This form of diabetes is treated by insulin administration by pump or injections. Pancreatic transplantation can be considered.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to counter resistance to its action and thus regulate blood-sugar levels. This form of diabetes can be managed through weight loss, exercise, oral medications and injection of insulin and other blood glucose lowering agents.
Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. Those with gestational diabetes may manage their condition similarly to those with type 2 diabetes.
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This may occur due to heredity or the body’s immune system attacking the thyroid gland. This condition can slow a person’s metabolism, may cause constipation, dry skin and a myriad of other symptoms, and is often managed with replacement of the thyroid hormone deficit.
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormones. This condition increases a person’s metabolism and may cause fast or irregular heartbeat, irritability, changes in periods, frequent bowel movements and many more potential symptoms.
Hyperthyroidism can be managed with:
- Beta blockers
- Antithyroid drugs
- Radioactive iodine
- Surgery
Related: Thyroid Awareness With Dr. Alexey Podcheko | AUC School of Medicine
Menopause
Menopause occurs when a woman’s estrogen levels decrease and the ovaries stop releasing eggs. These reduced estrogen levels can cause symptoms such as hot flashes, difficulty sleeping, vaginal dryness, night sweats, and changes in mood. Menopause typically occurs in a woman’s late 40s to mid-50s.
While menopause is a normal process, its symptoms can be uncomfortable. Thankfully, they can be managed through over-the-counter medications, dietary changes, lubricants, and keeping ice packs, cold water, or an electric fan nearby.
Low Testosterone
Low testosterone can occur in both men and women although it is most commonly a disorder in males.
In men, Low-T (low testosterone) may lead to low libido, diminished sexual function, reduced bone mass, muscle mass, and energy levels, and increased body fat. It can contribute to hair loss and cause trouble sleeping. This may lead to changes in mood and confidence.
In women, Low-T can lead to low libido, infertility, vaginal dryness, irregular periods, and fatigue.
Low-T can be treated with medication in the form of injections, gels, pellets, creams, liquids, and patches.
Why Should You Consider Seeing an Endocrinologist?
Symptoms that may seem innocuous at first glance could be the first indicator of a hormone imbalance. Frequent urination could be dismissed as a result of drinking more water to combat excessive thirst. this Whilst thirst could be the result of poor hydration, excessive thirst can also be a symptom of high blood sugar due to diabetes.
The symptoms of endocrine disorders can present themselves in a variety of ways, such as mood changes, fatigue, and rapid weight fluctuations. Endocrinologists can identify and connect these symptoms to diagnose patients and help them manage their conditions.
When Should You Consider Seeing an Endocrinologist?
Endocrine disorders can occur at any age and in all genders. As we age, our bodies may produce less hormones, or the same amount at a much slower rate. This can create an imbalance that may manifest as loss of muscle mass, missed periods, night sweats, insomnia, or decreased metabolism.
Patients should share any abnormalities with their PCP as soon as possible. The PCP can run a battery of tests to analyze a patient’s glucose, thyroid function tests, testosterone, estrogen and other hormones. If the results fall outside of the normal range, patients can be referred to an endocrinologist.
If any of the following symptoms or conditions persist for extended periods and begin to interfere with daily life, consider speaking with an endocrinologist:
- Blurry vision
- Bone or joint pain
- Confusion
- Dry skin
- Excessive thirst
- Frequent urination
- Hair loss
- Hot flashes
- Insomnia
- Increased hair growth
- Increased appetite
- Irregular heartbeat
- Irregular menstrual cycles
- Mood changes
- Muscle weakness
- Unexplained weight fluctuations
Do You Need a Referral to See an Endocrinologist?
Whether a patient needs a referral from their primary care physician to see an endocrinologist can vary by practice or a patient’s insurance. Those interested in the self-referral route should speak with their insurance company prior to scheduling an appointment with an endocrinologist. Services rendered may not be covered under a patient’s insurance policy if they take the self-referral route.
Take the First Step to Become an Endocrinologist
Endocrinologists help their patients understand and manage a wide range of hormone-related conditions. They help them navigate hormonal changes, create a new sense of normal, and reclaim their lives.
Ready to take the first step toward becoming an endocrinologist? Apply to the American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine’s Doctor of Medicine program!
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